Political independence resulted in political and economic instability in Spanish America immediately after independence. Political independence from European monarchies did not result in the abolition of black slavery in the new sovereign nations. Brazil, which had become a monarchy separate from Portugal, became a republic in the late nineteenth century. In the early nineteenth century nearly all of areas of Spanish America attained independence by armed struggle, with the exceptions of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Both the Spanish and the Portuguese brought African slaves to their colonies, as laborers, particularly in regions where indigenous populations who could be made to work were absent. The region came under control of the crowns of Spain and Portugal, which imposed both Roman Catholicism and their respective languages.
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